Other Builtins - Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC)

GCC provides a large number of built-in functions other than the ones mentioned above. Some of these are for internal use in the processing of exceptions or variable-length argument lists and are not documented here because they may change from time to time; we do not recommend general use of these functions.

GCC includes built-in versions of many of the functions in the standard C library. The versions prefixed with __builtin_ are always treated as having the same meaning as the C library function even if you specify the -fno-builtin option. (see C Dialect Options) Many of these functions are only optimized in certain cases; if they are not optimized in a particular case, a call to the library function is emitted.

Outside strict ISO C mode (-ansi, -std=c90, -std=c99 or -std=c11), the functions _exit, alloca, bcmp, bzero, dcgettext, dgettext, dremf, dreml, drem, exp10f, exp10l, exp10, ffsll, ffsl, ffs, fprintf_unlocked, fputs_unlocked, gammaf, gammal, gamma, gammaf_r, gammal_r, gamma_r, gettext, index, isascii, j0f, j0l, j0, j1f, j1l, j1, jnf, jnl, jn, lgammaf_r, lgammal_r, lgamma_r, mempcpy, pow10f, pow10l, pow10, printf_unlocked, rindex, scalbf, scalbl, scalb, signbit, signbitf, signbitl, signbitd32, signbitd64, signbitd128, significandf, significandl, significand, sincosf, sincosl, sincos, stpcpy, stpncpy, strcasecmp, strdup, strfmon, strncasecmp, strndup, toascii, y0f, y0l, y0, y1f, y1l, y1, ynf, ynl and yn may be handled as built-in functions. All these functions have corresponding versions prefixed with __builtin_, which may be used even in strict C90 mode.

The ISO C99 functions _Exit, acoshf, acoshl, acosh, asinhf, asinhl, asinh, atanhf, atanhl, atanh, cabsf, cabsl, cabs, cacosf, cacoshf, cacoshl, cacosh, cacosl, cacos, cargf, cargl, carg, casinf, casinhf, casinhl, casinh, casinl, casin, catanf, catanhf, catanhl, catanh, catanl, catan, cbrtf, cbrtl, cbrt, ccosf, ccoshf, ccoshl, ccosh, ccosl, ccos, cexpf, cexpl, cexp, cimagf, cimagl, cimag, clogf, clogl, clog, conjf, conjl, conj, copysignf, copysignl, copysign, cpowf, cpowl, cpow, cprojf, cprojl, cproj, crealf, creall, creal, csinf, csinhf, csinhl, csinh, csinl, csin, csqrtf, csqrtl, csqrt, ctanf, ctanhf, ctanhl, ctanh, ctanl, ctan, erfcf, erfcl, erfc, erff, erfl, erf, exp2f, exp2l, exp2, expm1f, expm1l, expm1, fdimf, fdiml, fdim, fmaf, fmal, fmaxf, fmaxl, fmax, fma, fminf, fminl, fmin, hypotf, hypotl, hypot, ilogbf, ilogbl, ilogb, imaxabs, isblank, iswblank, lgammaf, lgammal, lgamma, llabs, llrintf, llrintl, llrint, llroundf, llroundl, llround, log1pf, log1pl, log1p, log2f, log2l, log2, logbf, logbl, logb, lrintf, lrintl, lrint, lroundf, lroundl, lround, nearbyintf, nearbyintl, nearbyint, nextafterf, nextafterl, nextafter, nexttowardf, nexttowardl, nexttoward, remainderf, remainderl, remainder, remquof, remquol, remquo, rintf, rintl, rint, roundf, roundl, round, scalblnf, scalblnl, scalbln, scalbnf, scalbnl, scalbn, snprintf, tgammaf, tgammal, tgamma, truncf, truncl, trunc, vfscanf, vscanf, vsnprintf and vsscanf are handled as built-in functions except in strict ISO C90 mode (-ansi or -std=c90).

There are also built-in versions of the ISO C99 functions acosf, acosl, asinf, asinl, atan2f, atan2l, atanf, atanl, ceilf, ceill, cosf, coshf, coshl, cosl, expf, expl, fabsf, fabsl, floorf, floorl, fmodf, fmodl, frexpf, frexpl, ldexpf, ldexpl, log10f, log10l, logf, logl, modfl, modf, powf, powl, sinf, sinhf, sinhl, sinl, sqrtf, sqrtl, tanf, tanhf, tanhl and tanl that are recognized in any mode since ISO C90 reserves these names for the purpose to which ISO C99 puts them. All these functions have corresponding versions prefixed with __builtin_.

The ISO C94 functions iswalnum, iswalpha, iswcntrl, iswdigit, iswgraph, iswlower, iswprint, iswpunct, iswspace, iswupper, iswxdigit, towlower and towupper are handled as built-in functions except in strict ISO C90 mode (-ansi or -std=c90).

The ISO C90 functions abort, abs, acos, asin, atan2, atan, calloc, ceil, cosh, cos, exit, exp, fabs, floor, fmod, fprintf, fputs, frexp, fscanf, isalnum, isalpha, iscntrl, isdigit, isgraph, islower, isprint, ispunct, isspace, isupper, isxdigit, tolower, toupper, labs, ldexp, log10, log, malloc, memchr, memcmp, memcpy, memset, modf, pow, printf, putchar, puts, scanf, sinh, sin, snprintf, sprintf, sqrt, sscanf, strcat, strchr, strcmp, strcpy, strcspn, strlen, strncat, strncmp, strncpy, strpbrk, strrchr, strspn, strstr, tanh, tan, vfprintf, vprintf and vsprintf are all recognized as built-in functions unless -fno-builtin is specified (or -fno-builtin-function is specified for an individual function). All of these functions have corresponding versions prefixed with __builtin_.

GCC provides built-in versions of the ISO C99 floating-point comparison macros that avoid raising exceptions for unordered operands. They have the same names as the standard macros ( isgreater, isgreaterequal, isless, islessequal, islessgreater, and isunordered) , with __builtin_ prefixed. We intend for a library implementor to be able to simply #define each standard macro to its built-in equivalent. In the same fashion, GCC provides fpclassify, isfinite, isinf_sign and isnormal built-ins used with __builtin_ prefixed. The isinf and isnan built-in functions appear both with and without the __builtin_ prefix.

— Built-in Function: int __builtin_types_compatible_p (type1, type2)

You can use the built-in function __builtin_types_compatible_p to determine whether two types are the same.
This built-in function returns 1 if the unqualified versions of the types type1 and type2 (which are types, not expressions) are compatible, 0 otherwise. The result of this built-in function can be used in integer constant expressions.
This built-in function ignores top level qualifiers (e.g., const, volatile). For example, int is equivalent to const int.
The type int[] and int[5] are compatible. On the other hand, int and char * are not compatible, even if the size of their types, on the particular architecture are the same. Also, the amount of pointer indirection is taken into account when determining similarity. Consequently, short * is not similar to short **. Furthermore, two types that are typedefed are considered compatible if their underlying types are compatible.
An enum type is not considered to be compatible with another enum type even if both are compatible with the same integer type; this is what the C standard specifies. For example, enum {foo, bar} is not similar to enum {hot, dog}.
You typically use this function in code whose execution varies depending on the arguments' types. For example:
          #define foo(x)                                                  \
            ({                                                           \
              typeof (x) tmp = (x);                                       \
              if (__builtin_types_compatible_p (typeof (x), long double)) \
                tmp = foo_long_double (tmp);                              \
              else if (__builtin_types_compatible_p (typeof (x), double)) \
                tmp = foo_double (tmp);                                   \
              else if (__builtin_types_compatible_p (typeof (x), float))  \
                tmp = foo_float (tmp);                                    \
              else                                                        \
                abort ();                                                 \
              tmp;                                                        \
            })
Note: This construct is only available for C.

— Built-in Function: type __builtin_call_with_static_chain (call_exp, pointer_exp)

The call_exp expression must be a function call, and the pointer_exp expression must be a pointer. The pointer_exp is passed to the function call in the target's static chain location. The result of builtin is the result of the function call.
Note: This builtin is only available for C. This builtin can be used to call Go closures from C.

— Built-in Function: type __builtin_choose_expr (const_exp, exp1, exp2)

You can use the built-in function __builtin_choose_expr to evaluate code depending on the value of a constant expression. This built-in function returns exp1 if const_exp, which is an integer constant expression, is nonzero. Otherwise it returns exp2.
This built-in function is analogous to the ‘? :’ operator in C, except that the expression returned has its type unaltered by promotion rules. Also, the built-in function does not evaluate the expression that is not chosen. For example, if const_exp evaluates to true, exp2 is not evaluated even if it has side-effects.
This built-in function can return an lvalue if the chosen argument is an lvalue.
If exp1 is returned, the return type is the same as exp1's type. Similarly, if exp2 is returned, its return type is the same as exp2.
Example:
          #define foo(x)                                                    \
            __builtin_choose_expr (                                         \
              __builtin_types_compatible_p (typeof (x), double),            \
              foo_double (x),                                               \
              __builtin_choose_expr (                                       \
                __builtin_types_compatible_p (typeof (x), float),           \
                foo_float (x),                                              \
                /* The void expression results in a compile-time error  \
                   when assigning the result to something.  */          \
                (void)0))
Note: This construct is only available for C. Furthermore, the unused expression (exp1 or exp2 depending on the value of const_exp) may still generate syntax errors. This may change in future revisions.

— Built-in Function: type __builtin_complex (real, imag)

The built-in function __builtin_complex is provided for use in implementing the ISO C11 macros CMPLXF, CMPLX and CMPLXL. real and imag must have the same type, a real binary floating-point type, and the result has the corresponding complex type with real and imaginary parts real and imag. Unlike ‘real + I * imag’, this works even when infinities, NaNs and negative zeros are involved.

— Built-in Function: int __builtin_constant_p (exp)

You can use the built-in function __builtin_constant_p to determine if a value is known to be constant at compile time and hence that GCC can perform constant-folding on expressions involving that value. The argument of the function is the value to test. The function returns the integer 1 if the argument is known to be a compile-time constant and 0 if it is not known to be a compile-time constant. A return of 0 does not indicate that the value is not a constant, but merely that GCC cannot prove it is a constant with the specified value of the -O option.
You typically use this function in an embedded application where memory is a critical resource. If you have some complex calculation, you may want it to be folded if it involves constants, but need to call a function if it does not. For example:
          #define Scale_Value(X)      \
            (__builtin_constant_p (X) \
            ? ((X) * SCALE + OFFSET) : Scale (X))
You may use this built-in function in either a macro or an inline function. However, if you use it in an inlined function and pass an argument of the function as the argument to the built-in, GCC never returns 1 when you call the inline function with a string constant or compound literal (see Compound Literals) and does not return 1 when you pass a constant numeric value to the inline function unless you specify the -O option.
You may also use __builtin_constant_p in initializers for static data. For instance, you can write
          static const int table[] = {
             __builtin_constant_p (EXPRESSION) ? (EXPRESSION) : -1,
             /* ... */
          };
This is an acceptable initializer even if EXPRESSION is not a constant expression, including the case where __builtin_constant_p returns 1 because EXPRESSION can be folded to a constant but EXPRESSION contains operands that are not otherwise permitted in a static initializer (for example, 0 && foo ()). GCC must be more conservative about evaluating the built-in in this case, because it has no opportunity to perform optimization.

— Built-in Function: long __builtin_expect (long exp, long c)

You may use __builtin_expect to provide the compiler with branch prediction information. In general, you should prefer to use actual profile feedback for this (-fprofile-arcs), as programmers are notoriously bad at predicting how their programs actually perform. However, there are applications in which this data is hard to collect.
The return value is the value of exp, which should be an integral expression. The semantics of the built-in are that it is expected that exp == c. For example:
          if (__builtin_expect (x, 0))
            foo ();
indicates that we do not expect to call foo, since we expect x to be zero. Since you are limited to integral expressions for exp, you should use constructions such as
          if (__builtin_expect (ptr != NULL, 1))
            foo (*ptr);
when testing pointer or floating-point values.

— Built-in Function: void __builtin_trap (void)

This function causes the program to exit abnormally. GCC implements this function by using a target-dependent mechanism (such as intentionally executing an illegal instruction) or by calling abort. The mechanism used may vary from release to release so you should not rely on any particular implementation.

— Built-in Function: void __builtin_unreachable (void)

If control flow reaches the point of the __builtin_unreachable, the program is undefined. It is useful in situations where the compiler cannot deduce the unreachability of the code.
One such case is immediately following an asm statement that either never terminates, or one that transfers control elsewhere and never returns. In this example, without the __builtin_unreachable, GCC issues a warning that control reaches the end of a non-void function. It also generates code to return after the asm.
          int f (int c, int v)
          {
            if (c)
              {
                return v;
              }
            else
              {
                asm("jmp error_handler");
                __builtin_unreachable ();
              }
          }
Because the asm statement unconditionally transfers control out of the function, control never reaches the end of the function body. The __builtin_unreachable is in fact unreachable and communicates this fact to the compiler.
Another use for __builtin_unreachable is following a call a function that never returns but that is not declared __attribute__((noreturn)), as in this example:
          void function_that_never_returns (void);
          
          int g (int c)
          {
            if (c)
              {
                return 1;
              }
            else
              {
                function_that_never_returns ();
                __builtin_unreachable ();
              }
          }

— Built-in Function: void *__builtin_assume_aligned (const void *exp, size_t align, ...)

This function returns its first argument, and allows the compiler to assume that the returned pointer is at least align bytes aligned. This built-in can have either two or three arguments, if it has three, the third argument should have integer type, and if it is nonzero means misalignment offset. For example:
          void *x = __builtin_assume_aligned (arg, 16);
means that the compiler can assume x, set to arg, is at least 16-byte aligned, while:
          void *x = __builtin_assume_aligned (arg, 32, 8);
means that the compiler can assume for x, set to arg, that (char *) x - 8 is 32-byte aligned.

— Built-in Function: int __builtin_LINE ()

This function is the equivalent to the preprocessor __LINE__ macro and returns the line number of the invocation of the built-in. In a C++ default argument for a function F, it gets the line number of the call to F.

— Built-in Function: const char * __builtin_FUNCTION ()

This function is the equivalent to the preprocessor __FUNCTION__ macro and returns the function name the invocation of the built-in is in.

— Built-in Function: const char * __builtin_FILE ()

This function is the equivalent to the preprocessor __FILE__ macro and returns the file name the invocation of the built-in is in. In a C++ default argument for a function F, it gets the file name of the call to F.

— Built-in Function: void __builtin___clear_cache (char *begin, char *end)

This function is used to flush the processor's instruction cache for the region of memory between begin inclusive and end exclusive. Some targets require that the instruction cache be flushed, after modifying memory containing code, in order to obtain deterministic behavior.
If the target does not require instruction cache flushes, __builtin___clear_cache has no effect. Otherwise either instructions are emitted in-line to clear the instruction cache or a call to the __clear_cache function in libgcc is made.

— Built-in Function: void __builtin_prefetch (const void *addr, ...)

This function is used to minimize cache-miss latency by moving data into a cache before it is accessed. You can insert calls to __builtin_prefetch into code for which you know addresses of data in memory that is likely to be accessed soon. If the target supports them, data prefetch instructions are generated. If the prefetch is done early enough before the access then the data will be in the cache by the time it is accessed.
The value of addr is the address of the memory to prefetch. There are two optional arguments, rw and locality. The value of rw is a compile-time constant one or zero; one means that the prefetch is preparing for a write to the memory address and zero, the default, means that the prefetch is preparing for a read. The value locality must be a compile-time constant integer between zero and three. A value of zero means that the data has no temporal locality, so it need not be left in the cache after the access. A value of three means that the data has a high degree of temporal locality and should be left in all levels of cache possible. Values of one and two mean, respectively, a low or moderate degree of temporal locality. The default is three.
          for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
            {
              a[i] = a[i] + b[i];
              __builtin_prefetch (&a[i+j], 1, 1);
              __builtin_prefetch (&b[i+j], 0, 1);
              /* ... */
            }
Data prefetch does not generate faults if addr is invalid, but the address expression itself must be valid. For example, a prefetch of p->next does not fault if p->next is not a valid address, but evaluation faults if p is not a valid address.
If the target does not support data prefetch, the address expression is evaluated if it includes side effects but no other code is generated and GCC does not issue a warning.

— Built-in Function: double __builtin_huge_val (void)

Returns a positive infinity, if supported by the floating-point format, else DBL_MAX. This function is suitable for implementing the ISO C macro HUGE_VAL.

— Built-in Function: float __builtin_huge_valf (void)

Similar to __builtin_huge_val, except the return type is float.

— Built-in Function: long double __builtin_huge_vall (void)

Similar to __builtin_huge_val, except the return type is long double.

— Built-in Function: int __builtin_fpclassify (int, int, int, int, int, ...)

This built-in implements the C99 fpclassify functionality. The first five int arguments should be the target library's notion of the possible FP classes and are used for return values. They must be constant values and they must appear in this order: FP_NAN, FP_INFINITE, FP_NORMAL, FP_SUBNORMAL and FP_ZERO. The ellipsis is for exactly one floating-point value to classify. GCC treats the last argument as type-generic, which means it does not do default promotion from float to double.

— Built-in Function: double __builtin_inf (void)

Similar to __builtin_huge_val, except a warning is generated if the target floating-point format does not support infinities.

— Built-in Function: _Decimal32 __builtin_infd32 (void)

Similar to __builtin_inf, except the return type is _Decimal32.

— Built-in Function: _Decimal64 __builtin_infd64 (void)

Similar to __builtin_inf, except the return type is _Decimal64.

— Built-in Function: _Decimal128 __builtin_infd128 (void)

Similar to __builtin_inf, except the return type is _Decimal128.

— Built-in Function: float __builtin_inff (void)

Similar to __builtin_inf, except the return type is float. This function is suitable for implementing the ISO C99 macro INFINITY.

— Built-in Function: long double __builtin_infl (void)

Similar to __builtin_inf, except the return type is long double.

— Built-in Function: int __builtin_isinf_sign (...)

Similar to isinf, except the return value is -1 for an argument of -Inf and 1 for an argument of +Inf. Note while the parameter list is an ellipsis, this function only accepts exactly one floating-point argument. GCC treats this parameter as type-generic, which means it does not do default promotion from float to double.

— Built-in Function: double __builtin_nan (const char *str)

This is an implementation of the ISO C99 function nan.
Since ISO C99 defines this function in terms of strtod, which we do not implement, a description of the parsing is in order. The string is parsed as by strtol; that is, the base is recognized by leading ‘0’ or ‘0x’ prefixes. The number parsed is placed in the significand such that the least significant bit of the number is at the least significant bit of the significand. The number is truncated to fit the significand field provided. The significand is forced to be a quiet NaN.
This function, if given a string literal all of which would have been consumed by strtol, is evaluated early enough that it is considered a compile-time constant.

6.57 Other Built-in Functions Provided by GCC